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American legislative proposal on clearing

DREAM Act
Great Seal of the United States
Nicknames DREAM Act
Sponsored by Dick Durbin, Orrin Hatch
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the Senate as S. 1291 by Dick Durbin (D–IL) and Orrin Hatch (R–UT) on April 25, 2001

The Development, Relief, and Didactics for Alien Minors Act, known as the DREAM Act, is a Usa legislative proposal to grant temporary conditional residency, with the right to work, to undocumented immigrants who entered the United states of america as minors—and, if they afterward satisfy further qualifications, they would achieve permanent residency.

In April 2001, U.s.a. Senators Dick Durbin (D-Illinois) and Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) kickoff introduced the bill in the Senate equally South. 1291, but it did not laissez passer. The proposal has since been reintroduced several times, but has not been canonical past majorities in either house of the United states Congress.[1] [2]

Requirements [edit]

The beneficiaries of the proposed DREAM Human action would take to meet the following requirements to qualify:[3]

  • Not be inadmissible to or deportable from the United States, or be in Temporary Protected Status (Sec. iii(b)(1))
  • Have proof of having arrived in the United States earlier age 16[iv] (Dream Act of 2017, S.1615, Sec.three(b)(ane)(B), and HR3440, Sec.3(b)(one)(B)).[5] [6]
  • Have proof of residency in the United States for at least five consecutive years
  • If a male born in 1960 or afterwards, take registered with the Selective Service
  • Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time of bill enactment
  • Have graduated from an American high school, obtained a GED, or been admitted to an institution of higher education
  • Be of skilful moral character

During the beginning six years, qualifying people would exist granted "conditional" condition and would be required to (a) graduate from a two-year customs college or (b) consummate at least two years towards a four-year caste or (c) serve two years in the The states military. Later on this six-year menstruation, those who meet at least one of these three weather condition would exist eligible to utilize for permanent resident status. During this six-twelvemonth conditional menstruation, they would not be eligible for federal higher pedagogy grants such as Pell grants but they would be able to apply for pupil loans and work report.[7]

If they take met all of the atmospheric condition at the cease of the 6-twelvemonth conditional period, they would be granted permanent residency, which would eventually allow them to become U.S. citizens.[8] Information technology is not known how many of those eligible would become on to complete the further requirements. One organization estimated that only 7,000–13,000 college students nationally can fulfill the further obligations.[nine] An analysis past the Center for Immigration Studies found that over 2 one thousand thousand individuals could benefit under the Act.[10]

For conditional resident condition [edit]

The individual must:

  • have proof that they entered the United States before the historic period of 16 and must have continuously lived in the country for at to the lowest degree v years.
  • have graduated from a United States loftier schoolhouse or obtained a GED in the US.
  • demonstrate good moral character.
  • laissez passer criminal background checks

Afterwards having obtained and held provisional resident status, permanent residency may be granted if the following requirements have been met in a period of six years.

For permanent residency [edit]

The individual must:

  • Have attended an institution of college learning or served in the United States military for at least two years and if discharged, accept received an honorable belch
  • Laissez passer another series of background checks
  • Go on to demonstrate expert moral grapheme

If these requirements are non fulfilled the conditional resident will lose their legal condition and be bailiwick to deportation.[11]

Background [edit]

Members of Congress take introduced several forms of this neb in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Members in the House passed i such bill on Dec 8, 2010, by a vote of 216–198;[12] Senators debated a version of the DREAM Act on September 21, 2010. A previous version of the neb, S. 2205, which required threescore votes to gain cloture, failed on a 52–44 vote in 2007, 8 votes short of overcoming a delay by senators opposed to the bill.[13]

The United states military faced challenges in enlistment, which in 2005 were described every bit a "crisis",[fourteen] though the economic downturn of 2007–2010 did abroad with many of the enlistment challenges. Immigrants without a U.s. Permanent Resident Carte (likewise known as a green card) are not allowed to enlist. In 2007, several senior officials at the Section of Defense have spoken in favor of promising resident status to members of the war machine equally a means of boosting recruitment.[15]

The bill also restores the option for states to make up one's mind residency for purposes of college education benefits by repealing Department 505 of the Illegal Clearing Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 (8 U.S.C. § 1623.[3] The majority of states interpret this provision as disqualifying undocumented immigrant students from certain higher teaching benefits such as in-land tuition rates.[sixteen] Some states accept enacted laws aimed at making undocumented state residents eligible for in-state tuition rates without violating this IIRIRA provision.[17] However, some students paying out-of-country tuition have filed lawsuits in these states, claiming state education officials violated this federal law.[xviii]

Legislative history [edit]

The original version of the DREAM Act was introduced on April 25, 2001 by Representative Luis Gutiérrez, Democrat from Illinois, every bit the "Immigrant Children's Educational Advancement and Dropout Prevention Act of 2001" (H.R. 1582) during the 107th Congress. This bill received 34 cosponsors, and would accept allowed undocumented immigrant students to showtime utilize to be protected from deportation then apply for and receive lawful permanent residency if they met the criteria.[19]

1 month later, on May 21, 2001, Gutiérrez's version of the bill was scrapped in favor of a more limited version entitled "Student Adjustment Act of 2001" (H.R. 1918), introduced by Representative Chris Cannon, Republican from Utah. This version of the beak lowered age eligibility to 21 years of age and garnered 62 cosponsors. On Baronial one, 2001 a mirror nib to the "Student Adjustment Act of 2001" was introduced in the Senate by Senator Orrin Hatch, as well a Republican from Utah. This legislation, S. 1291, was the starting time bill given the curt title of "Development, Relief, and Instruction for Alien Minors Deed" or "DREAM Human action." Since that time the DREAM Deed has been introduced in both the Senate and the House at various times.

The text of the pecker was placed in various other immigration-related bills, including the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611) and the Comprehensive Clearing Reform Deed of 2007 (Due south. 1348). With the failure of these comprehensive reform bills, Senator Richard Durbin, Democrat from Illinois, made its passage a summit priority for 2007.[20] [21] In September 2007, Durbin filed to identify the DREAM Act as an amendment to the 2008 Section of Defense Dominance Bill (S. 2919). In light of the criticism, Durbin tabled the subpoena in favor of a rewritten DREAM Act amendment to the Defence Beak. In consideration of their opponents, all language regarding in-state tuition was removed from the amendment and an age cap of xxx was put in identify for potential beneficiaries.[22] Military leaders embraced the neb, which included the promise of resident status to members of the military, as a ways of boosting recruitment.[23]

On October xviii, 2007, Durbin, along with Republican co-sponsors Charles Hagel of Nebraska and Richard Lugar of Indiana, introduced the DREAM Deed as Due south. 2205. Although virtually identical to the revised subpoena to the Defence Bill, opponents continued to cite previous arguments. To bring the DREAM Act upwardly for debate, a vote was scheduled on October 24 that would crave a filibuster-proof count of sixty yeah votes, only that failed.[24] Senate opponents cited a diversity of reasons for their opposition. Some labeled the DREAM Act every bit amnesty that would encourage concatenation migration and further undocumented clearing in anticipation of new versions of the DREAM Act. Others stated that the DREAM Human action, though worthy legislation, should be enacted only as part of a comprehensive immigration reform.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who had previously stated that she would oppose consideration of the DREAM Human activity, announced on the Senate floor that she had expressed reservations to Durbin and he had made a verbal commitment to piece of work with her to brand changes that she saw necessary to garner greater Republican back up. In response, Durbin announced that the starting time amendment that would exist considered, should fence of the DREAM Human action brainstorm, would completely re-write the bill in favor of the language that Hutchison suggested. According to her suggestions, undocumented immigrant students should exist immune to concord a temporary student visa with a renewable piece of work allow instead of conditional permanent residency. Although 52 Senators voted in favor of considering the DREAM Act, this brutal eight votes short of breaking filibuster and the legislation was non considered.[22]

2009 [edit]

The act was re-introduced in both chambers of Congress on Thursday, March 26, 2009, during the 111th Congress by Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL), Richard Lugar (R-IN), Harry Reid (D-NV), Mel Martinez (R-FL), Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Joseph Lieberman (I-CT), Ted Kennedy (D-MA), and Russ Feingold (D-WI)[25] and U.Due south. Representative Howard Berman (D-CA). To appointment, 128 representatives[26] and 39 senators[25] (non including former Senator Edward Kennedy) co-sponsored the beak. Under this version of the DREAM Human action, immigrants could qualify in office, by meeting the post-obit requirements:

  • Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the fourth dimension the Constabulary is enacted
  • Arrived in the United States before the age of sixteen
  • Resided continuously in the United States for at least 5 consecutive years since the engagement of their arrival
  • Graduated from a Us loftier school or obtained a Full general Education Diploma
  • Adept moral character

In improver to the temporary Residency, undocumented immigrant students who qualified would besides exist entitled to employ for student loans and work study but would not be eligible for Pell grants. In certain circumstances, the person could lose temporary clearing residency if he or she did non come across the educational or military service requirement within the half dozen-year fourth dimension menstruation or if they committed any crimes (other than those considered non-drug related misdemeanors) regardless of whether or not they had already been approved for permanent status at the end of their vi years. If an individual were bedevilled of a major crime or drug-related infraction, (except for a unmarried crime of possession of 30 thou or less of marijuana) they would automatically lose the six-year temporary residence status and be immediately subject to deportation.[27]

2010 [edit]

The 111th Congress continued to consider the DREAM Act pecker throughout 2010. S. 3827, a new version of the DREAM Act, includes numerous changes to address concerns raised about the pecker. The DREAM Act, forth with a repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", was incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for the Financial Year 2011. On September 21, 2010, the Senate filibuster of the nib was maintained in a 56–43 vote; it would have taken 60 votes to stop the delay and continue the progress of the bill.[28] The following mean solar day, Durbin introduced the pecker one time over again along with Richard Lugar. Only two senators co-sponsored the beak and it was defeated once again.[29]

Less than a month later, on November sixteen, President Barack Obama and acme Democrats pledged to innovate the Dream Act into the Business firm by November 29.[thirty] The House of Representatives passed the DREAM Human activity on December 8, 2010,[31] [32] but the bill failed to reach the 60-vote threshold necessary to end fence on the Senate floor (55-41—Motility to invoke cloture on the movement to concur in the House subpoena to the Senate amendment No. 3 to H.R. 5281).[33]

2011 [edit]

On May 11, 2011, so Senate Bulk Leader Harry Reid reintroduced the DREAM Act in the Senate. Some Republicans who had supported the bill in the by, including Sen. John Cornyn of Texas, Jon Kyl of Arizona, John McCain of Arizona, and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, withheld their votes, objecting that such a beak should not be granted without increasing immigration enforcement. Reid indicated that he would consider adding a workplace enforcement measure in the DREAM Act that would crave every employer to employ E-Verify, the government'south Internet-based piece of work eligibility verification system.[34] President Obama supported the neb as one of his efforts to reform the US immigration system.[35]

In July 2011, the state of California enacted the California DREAM Act, giving undocumented immigrant students access to individual higher scholarships for state schools.[36] In August, the land of Illinois authorized a privately funded scholarship plan for children of immigrants both documented and undocumented.[37]

2012 [edit]

On June 15, 2012, Barack Obama appear that his administration would end deporting undocumented immigrants who lucifer certain criteria included in the proposed DREAM Human activity.[38] On Baronial 15, 2012, the U.South. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) began accepting applications under the Obama administration's new Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. Thousands applied for the new plan.[39] Because DACA was designed in large measure to accost the immigration status of the same people as the DREAM Act, the two programs are often debated together, with some making little distinction between them and others focusing on the difference betwixt the DREAM Human activity's legislative approach in contrast to the implementation of DACA through executive action.[xl] As of January 2017[update], 740,000 people have registered through DACA.[41]

2017 [edit]

On September v, 2017 the Trump administration rescinded the program, while pushing Congress to enact a replacement to the legislation prior to the elimination of DACA protections.[42] [43] [44] The Dream Act of 2017 was introduced on July 20, 2017 past Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Dick Durbin (D-IL), Jeff Scrap (R-AZ), and Chuck Schumer (D-NY).[45] With potential to provide a direct process for gaining U.S. citizenship, this bipartisan deed has been both championed and scrutinized, merely again failed to pass. People eligible for citizenship are those who are undocumented, take DACA or temporary protected status (TPS) (people without lawful clearing status), and who graduate from U.South. high schools and nourish college, enter the workforce, or enlist in the military.[45] Several other bills were introduced in 2012 meant to protect undocumented youth, all like to the Dream Act, but never condign law.[46]

The 2017 version of the Human action would adapt the current police in several ways. It would give DACA beneficiaries permanent resident status and TPS beneficiaries the opportunity to apply for this status.[46] The pathway to U.S. citizenship would be first conditional permanent resident condition for 8 years, apply for and receiving LPR status, spending 5 years in LPR status, and lastly applying for and receiving U.S. citizenship.[46] The Deed would also finish the deportation proceedings of anyone meeting the requirements of the Dream Deed and those enrolled in unproblematic or secondary school over 5 years of age. It lastly would improve accessibility to college in-state tuition and financial aid for undocumented youth and immigrants.[46]

Affect [edit]

Economic [edit]

In a December 2010 report, the federal Congressional Upkeep Office and the Articulation Commission on Taxation estimated that the Nov 30, 2010 version of the DREAM Human action would reduce (federal) direct deficits by nigh $i.4 billion over the 2011–2020 flow and increase federal government revenues by $2.3 billion over the next 10 years. Indirect federal costs (about fourscore% of the federal budget) and state and local tax impacts were not considered.[47] However, the same report also notes that the Human activity "would increment projected deficits by more than $5 billion in at least one of the iv consecutive 10-twelvemonth periods starting in 2021" (emphasis added). A study conducted by the Eye for American Progress estimates that if passed, the DREAM Deed would create 1.4 million jobs by 2030, primarily through the expected increment in educational attainment, earnings, and buying power for "DREAMers".[48]

Luis Miranda, White House Managing director of Hispanic Media, has spoken in support of the 2010 version of the DREAM Human activity.[49] He argues that passage of the Act would make the U.S. more competitive in the global economy past allowing undocumented immigrants "to live up to their fullest potential and contribute to the economic growth of our country."[49] Miranda argues that the DREAM Deed would not create an "amnesty program" because it requires a "lengthy and rigorous process" to be eligible for benefits, requiring, for example, a criminal groundwork check and proof that the applicant has not committed any crimes that would make him ineligible for residency.[49] Miranda also argues the Act would non encourage more students to immigrate because it only applies to undocumented immigrants who are already in the country.[49] Furthermore, the Human activity would create a waiting menstruation before DREAM Act applicants could sponsor green carte applications for their relatives. Miranda also notes that Defence force Secretary Robert Gates has stated that the DREAM Act would provide an expanded pool of war machine recruits.[49]

A 2010 study by UCLA'southward North American Integration and Development Eye, an advocacy and research group that focuses on "transnationalism and globalization through action research", conducting "interdisciplinary research concerning the economic integration process between the United States, Mexico and Canada", produced two estimates of the income that would be earned past undocumented immigrants who would be potentially eligible for the proposed DREAM Act benefits. The starting time estimate is based on assay from a study by the Migration Policy Institute'due south National Middle on Immigrant Integration Policy, an arrangement seeking to "advance the economic mobility and social inclusion of immigrants in the United States",[fifty] which estimated that 38% of those eligible for the DREAM Deed'south benefits would actually obtain legal permanent resident status. In that scenario, the NAIDC estimates that DREAM Act beneficiaries would earn $1.iv trillion over a twoscore-year period. On the other hand, NAIDC estimates that if all those eligible for DREAM Deed benefits successfully met the education or military service requirements and obtained legal resident status, they would earn $3.6 trillion over the same 40-year period. How many dollars they would utilise of available federal, country and local resources over the 40-yr period was not estimated.[51]

Education [edit]

Education is a major priority for The DREAM Deed. In a research article written by Roger M. Mahony, it is stated that the DREAM Act aims to repeal a provision of law that penalizes states for offering these students in-state tuition rates. Depending on eligibility standards, the DREAM Deed could benefit as many as one.two million immature people in the United States, giving them an opportunity to reach their educational and economical potential.[52]

DREAMers motility [edit]

The DREAMers movement emerged during the time that the DREAM Human activity was being pushed in Congress. The individuals that make up the grouping are primarily undocumented students/youth.[53] The DREAMers movement have been seen tackling bug in regards to immigration, educational activity, and citizenship.[53] The DREAMers accept partaken in many activists activities to demonstrate their support for the DREAM Act. On May 1, 2006, there was a demonstration that involved a collective group of students taking a stand up to voice their concerns.[54] There was an occasion on June 5, 2012, when DREAMers participated in a nonviolent civil disobedience which included picket-lines, sit down-ins, hunger strikes, etc.[55] There have been other scenarios throughout the country where undocumented youth have been actively involved in promoting the DREAM Act.[53] Furthermore, the movement has had influence in other policies such every bit DACA (Deferred Activeness for Babyhood Arrivals), an Executive Co-operative memorandum made by then-Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano on June fifteen, 2012 entitled "Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children," creating a non-congressionally authorized administrative program that permitted certain individuals who came to the The states as juveniles and meet several criteria—including defective any current lawful immigration status—to asking consideration of deferred action for a period of two years, subject area to renewal, and eligibility for work authorization.[55]

See also [edit]

  • Illegal immigration to the U.s.a.
  • Immigration policy
  • Plyler v. Doe
  • Trail of Dreams 2010
  • New York Dream Act
  • Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Farther reading [edit]

  • Matos, Y. (2020). The "American DREAM": Agreement White Americans' Support for the DREAM Act and Punitive Immigration Policies. Perspectives on Politics,

References [edit]

  1. ^ "No Dreamers Left Behind" (PDF). ucla.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  2. ^ "Senate Bill Due south. 1291". Congress.gov. June 20, 2002.
  3. ^ a b S. 729
  4. ^ "Southward. 729 Sec.four(a)(1)(A)".
  5. ^ "Text of S. 1615: Dream Human activity of 2017 (Introduced version) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us.
  6. ^ "H.R.3440 - Dream Act of 2017". www.congress.gov. 2017.
  7. ^ "DREAM opportunities". Bangor Daily News. October 9, 2007. p. vi. ISSN 0892-8738. ProQuest 414413142.
  8. ^ "S. 729 Sec.5". congress.gov.
  9. ^ Further Demographic Information Relating to theDREAM Human activity Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Urban Institute, October 21, 2003.
  10. ^ "DREAM Act Offers Amnesty to 2.1 Million". Dec vii, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  11. ^ world wide web.whitehouse.gov
  12. ^ "Business firm OKs bill aimed at illegal youth immigrants". NBC News. December 9, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  13. ^ "U.S. Senate: Coil Call Vote". Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  14. ^ Wilson, Jamie (June three, 2005). "US lowers standards in army numbers crisis". Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via The Guardian.
  15. ^ Jordan, Miriam (September 21, 2007). "Bill Offers U.South. Citizenship for Military Service". Wall Street Periodical . Retrieved Dec 18, 2016.
  16. ^ Lee, Y (2006). To dream or not to dream: a price-benefit assay of the development, relief, and education for undocumented minors (DREAM) act. Vol. xvi. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy. pp. 231–58.
  17. ^ Feder, J. (2010). Unauthorized undocumented students, higher education, and in-state tuition rates: a legal analysis. RS22500. Congressional Inquiry Service.
  18. ^ Morse, A; Bimbach, Yard (2010). "In-State Tuition and Unauthorized Immigrant Students". National Conference of Land Legislatures.
  19. ^ Barnett, Pamela (Apr 25, 2001). "Gutierrez Ties Clearing Proposal to Education Status". CongressDaily.
  20. ^ Spuriell, Stephen (July 10, 2007). "Death Knell for Immigration?". The Corner. National Review Online. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved July xix, 2007.
  21. ^ Maze, Rick (July 16, 2007). "Pecker would grant citizenship for service". Army Times . Retrieved July 19, 2007.
  22. ^ a b DREAM Human action of 2007
  23. ^ Montgomery, Dave (October 23, 2007). "Senate to vote on whether to take up express immigration bill". Knight Ridder Tribune News Service: one. ProQuest 456878988.
  24. ^ "DREAM Act: NILC statement on October 24 Senate vote". Archived from the original on June xi, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  25. ^ a b DREAM Human action of 2009
  26. ^ H.R. 1751
  27. ^ "Dream Human activity 2013". Retrieved Dec 18, 2016.
  28. ^ "Senate halts 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". CNN. September 22, 2010.
  29. ^ South. 3827
  30. ^ Am; Reporter, a Terkel Senior Political; Mail, The Huffington (Nov sixteen, 2010). "Obama And Top Congressional Democrats Telephone call For DREAM Act'south Passage Before Year's Stop". HuffPost . Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  31. ^ "House Passes DREAM Human activity Immigration Measures". Fob News. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  32. ^ S. 3992
  33. ^ "U.S. Senate Curl Call Votes 111th Congress – 2nd Session".
  34. ^ "Harry Reid reintroduces the DREAM Act". May 11, 2011. Retrieved Dec eighteen, 2016.
  35. ^ "DREAM Human action Immigration Legislation receives support from United states of america President". Migration Expert. Archived from the original on September fifteen, 2011. Retrieved Baronial 24, 2011.
  36. ^ "California "Dream Act" approved for undocumented immigrants". Reuters. July 26, 2011 – via world wide web.reuters.com.
  37. ^ Sabella, Jen (August ii, 2011). "Illinois DREAM Act Signed By Governor Quinn (PHOTOS)". Huffington Postal service.
  38. ^ Cohen, Tom (June xvi, 2012). "Obama assistants to stop deporting some immature undocumented immigrants". CNN. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  39. ^ "Thousands of 'Dreamers' line up to apply for deferral program". NBC News. August xv, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  40. ^ Cohen, Tom (Baronial 24, 2012). "Immigration lawsuit revives DREAM Act debate". CNN . Retrieved September three, 2012.
  41. ^ "Fortunately, Trump gives young, undocumented DREAMers a reprieve — for at present". Miami Herald. January 23, 2017.
  42. ^ "Memorandum on Rescission Of DACA". Section of Homeland Security. September 5, 2017.
  43. ^ "Memorandum on Rescission Of DACA". Department of Homeland Security. September five, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  44. ^ "What is the Dream Act and Who Are the Dreamers?". Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  45. ^ a b "Dream Act 2017: Summary and Answers to Frequently Asked Questions". National Immigration Police force Centre . Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  46. ^ a b c d "The Dream Deed, DACA, and Other Policies Designed to Protect Dreamers". American Immigration Council. August 25, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  47. ^ "S. 3992, Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Human action of 2010". December 7, 2010. Retrieved Dec 18, 2016.
  48. ^ Guzmán, Juan Carlos; Jara, Raul C. "The Economical Benefits of Passing the DREAM Act". Eye for American Progress. Retrieved Nov 27, 2012.
  49. ^ a b c d e "Go The Facts On The DREAM Act". whitehouse.gov. Dec 1, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via National Archives.
  50. ^ "About the Middle". National Centre on Immigrant Integration Policy.
  51. ^ No DREAMers Left Backside Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Due north American Integration and Development Center, University of California, Los Angeles.
  52. ^ Mahony, Roger (June 22, 2012). "The Dream Human activity: We All Benefit". Notre Dame Periodical of Police, Ethics, and Public Policy. 26: 459.
  53. ^ a b c Keyes, Elizabeth (Jan 21, 2014). "Defining American: The DREAM Human activity, Clearing Reform and Citizenship". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2253546.
  54. ^ Dowling, Julie; Inda, Jonathan (2013). Governing Immigration through Crime: A Reader. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 269–84. ISBN9780804778817.
  55. ^ a b Costanza-Chock, Sasha (2014). "Out of the Closets, Out of the Shadows, and into the Streets". Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Transmedia Organizing and the Immigrant Rights Movement. Out of the Shadows, into the Streets!. MIT Press. pp. 128–153. ISBN9780262028202. JSTOR j.ctt9qf5z4.12.

External links [edit]

  • H.R. 1751: Full text of the 2009 House bill, via THOMAS
  • Southward. 3992: Full text of the 2009 Senate neb, via THOMAS
  • After GOP Blocks DREAM Human activity, Where is Immigration Activism Headed? – video report by Democracy Now!
  • Born and Raised – video by Borderstories.org
  • Dream Act Laws

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act

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